Electric bicycles (e-bikes) have been gaining traction around the globe. These innovative two-wheelers combine traditional pedalling power with an electric motor, offering riders a convenient and eco-friendly mode of transportation. But have you ever wondered what lies beneath the sleek exterior of an e-bike? And no, it isn’t just a regular bicycle with a battery and motor.
Keep reading as we take a closer look at the anatomy of electric bicycles and explore the components that make them tick.
The frame is the foundation of any bicycle, serving as its backbone and providing strength, stability, and support. Of course, electric bikes are no exception to this rule. E-bike frames are typically made from lightweight materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber to ensure durability without adding excessive weight. As for the design? It varies depending on whether it’s a mountain bike, a folding e-bike, a city e-bike, a commuter, etc.
Remember that these frame types are not exclusive to e-bikes and can also be found in traditional bicycles. When choosing an e-bike frame, you have to consider your intended use, riding style, comfort preferences, and the terrain you plan to ride on. In this section, we’ll explain different types of e-bikes frame to help you pick one that ensures an enjoyable and personalized riding experience.
The step-through frame is also known as a low-step or open frame and features a low top tube or no top tube at all. This design allows riders to easily mount and dismount the bike, making it particularly popular among commuters, city riders, and those with limited mobility.
If you are someone who prioritizes comfort and accessibility with a more upright riding position, a step-through e-bike is the way to go. For instance, our Hunter Extreme has a step-through frame.
This frame type integrates the traditional bicycle frame design characterized by a triangular structure formed by the top tube, down tube, and seat tube, like our Thor. It offers excellent structural integrity and stability for various riding styles, including road cycling, mountain biking, and touring. And diamond frames are known for their efficient power transfer and agility.
E-bikes designed for off-road adventures often have mountain bike frames because they are robust and durable. These frames typically have a more relaxed geometry with a slacker head tube angle and a longer wheelbase for enhanced stability and control. There’s no doubt that you can withstand the rigors of challenging terrains and aggressive riding with ease using a mountain bike frame like our Thunder.
Folding frames can be folded or compacted and are perfect for easy storage and transport. They usually have a hinge mechanism that allows the bike to be quickly folded into a more compact form. Since folding e-bikes, like our Commute, can be conveniently stored in small spaces or carried on public transportation, they are the preferred choice for travelers and urban commuters.
If you’re a thrill-seeker who enjoys navigating soft surfaces like snow, sand, or loose trails, look no further than fat bike frames. The frame of a fat electric bike, like our Pixie, is characterized by oversized tubing to accommodate the extra-wide tires. With its excellent traction and stability, you can ride anywhere and indulge all your adventurous off-road explorations.
These frames are specifically designed to carry heavy loads. They feature extended rear racks, sturdy construction, and even a longer wheelbase to accommodate cargo platforms or boxes. Cargo e-bikes are great for grocery runs, transporting children, or carrying goods for businesses while also offering an eco-friendly alternative to cars and vans.
Hybrid e-bikes combine elements from both road and mountain bike frames, offering a versatile and comfortable riding experience. While they are less robust than mountain bike frames, their geometry is more relaxed than road bikes. Hybrid frames are suitable for riders looking for a balance between efficiency, comfort, and the ability to handle light off-road terrains.
The material you pick for your e-bike frame depends on various factors, such as your intended use, riding style, budget, and personal preferences. It’s essential to remember that each material comes with its own advantages and considerations, so let’s
For example, riders seeking lightweight performance may opt for aluminum, carbon fiber, or titanium, while those prioritizing comfort and durability can choose steel or composite materials. Ultimately, selecting the right frame material is essential to a comfortable riding experience, so let’s consider your options:
Aluminum is one of the most popular materials for e-bike frames. It offers a favorable combination of low weight, affordability, and durability. Whether you want to breeze past traffic to work or maneuver off-road trails, aluminum frames are in it for the long ride because of their stiffness, responsiveness, and resistance to corrosion. Suitable for a wide range of riding styles and providing a relatively comfortable cycling experience, they can be used for urban commuting to off-road adventures.
You’ll notice that all E-Movement e-bikes are made of aluminum due to its incredible balance between weight, strength, affordability, and performance.
Steel frames have a long-standing history in the bicycle industry and are still widely used in manufacturing. Although these frames tend to be heavier than aluminum frames, they can handle heavy loads and provide stability. The material offers excellent strength, durability, and a smooth, comfortable ride quality due to its natural vibration-damping properties.
You are most likely to find steel frames incorporated into cargo, touring, and commuter e-bikes.
As a high-performance material, carbon fiber offers exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and shock-absorbing properties. Electric bike frames made from carbon fiber are lightweight and stiff and provide excellent power transfer. They can absorb road vibrations effectively, resulting in a smoother ride even in the most uneven riding areas.
Most high-end electric bikes feature carbon fiber frames, especially those designed for road cycling or performance-oriented riding.
When it comes to corrosion resistance, durability, and unique ride characteristics, Titanium electric bike frames have it all. Like aluminum, this material is lightweight, but provides a more compliant ride quality due to its natural flexibility and ability to absorb shocks and vibrations. Titanium frames also offer a good balance between stiffness and comfort. If you’re a rider seeking a high-quality, sleek, long-lasting frame, we recommend opting for Titanium.
A Magnesium frame is less common in e-bikes but you can’t overlook some of its unique advantages. Since it is a lightweight material, Magnesium frames can be cast or welded, allowing for intricate designs and shaping possibilities. For this reason, most of them integrate excellent shock absorption properties and ensure a comfortable ride.
However, magnesium frames require additional coatings to prevent corrosion, so this increases their complexity, building costs, and maintenance requirements.
Some electric bike frames utilize composite materials. For instance, they combine carbon fiber, fiberglass, kevlar, etc in a layered structure. These materials can be engineered to provide specific ride characteristics, such as stiffness, compliance, and vibration absorption. As composite frames offer versatility, the ride quality can be tailored according to your needs and preferences. Still, remember that they are typically found in high-end e-bikes, which makes them costlier than standard ones.
An e-bike’s heart is its electric motor, delivering the power required to propel you forward. It is usually integrated into either the front hub, rear hub, or the crankshaft area. An electric motor comes in two types, namely brushless or brushed. The motor’s power output determines the maximum speed and the level of assistance the electric bike provides. We recommend opting for a brushless electric motor because it is more efficient and durable.
Selecting a motor type is no easy feat; you have to think about your riding style, terrain, weight distribution, efficiency, and maintenance requirements. Each motor type has its advantages and limitations:
There are two main types of hub motors commonly found in electric bikes: direct-drive and geared.
Generally, direct-drive hub motors offer high torque but are heavier, while geared hub motors are more compact, lighter, and achieve higher RPM.
Direct-drive hub motors are the most popular among hub motors. They feature a large, centrally located motor within the hub of either the front or rear wheel.
This type of motor offers a high torque, allowing for strong acceleration and climbing capabilities. Some of them even support regenerative braking, allowing the motor to recover energy during braking and store it back into the battery. You’ll find direct-drive hub motors operating silently due to their lack of internal gears. But note that they tend to be heavier due to their larger size and lack of internal gears.
A geared hub motor incorporates a smaller motor in the hub of either the front or rear wheel, coupled with an internal planetary gear system.
Geared hub motors are generally more compact and lighter than direct drive hub motors. They can achieve high RPM (revolutions per minute), resulting in a more efficient and responsive riding experience. Although they provide lower torque than direct drive hub motors, they make up for it with their higher RPM capability. Geared hub motors are even more silent than direct-drive hub motors due to their internal gear system.
Mid-drive motors are positioned near the bike’s bottom bracket between the pedals. They transfer power directly to the drivetrain, typically utilizing the bike’s existing gears.
Due to their balanced weight distribution between the front and rear wheels, these motors ensure better handling and maneuverability. Mid-drive motors use the bike’s gears to optimize power transfer and provide a natural riding feel, taking advantage of the bike’s gear range to handle varying terrains. You’ll also find them excelling at hill climbing because they can leverage the bike’s gears for increased torque and power.
It’s crucial to note that these motors are generally more complex than hub motors due to their drivetrain integration This complexity can result in increased maintenance requirements and they are also much more expensive.
This motor type lies above the rear wheel and uses a roller or rubber wheel to engage with the tire and propel your e-bike forward.
Friction drive motors are easy to install, requiring minimal modifications to the bike’s frame. They are also typically lighter than hub or mid-drive motors. And their fewer moving parts result in simpler maintenance and repair requirements.
Note that friction drive motors are not well-suited for steep or challenging terrains due to potential slipping or reduced traction.
Your e-bike motor placement directly impacts its weight distribution, handling characteristics, traction, power transfer efficiency, and climbing capabilities. Whether it’s the simplicity of hub motors or the balanced weight distribution and power transfer efficiency of mid-drive motors, the motor placement significantly influences the overall performance of an e-bike.
This is why it’s essential to consider your riding style, terrain, and personal preferences when choosing the motor placement that best suits your needs:
Hub motors are placed in an electric bike’s front or rear wheel.
A front wheel hub motor lies (you guessed it) within the front wheel’s hub. It is relatively easy to install and does not require modifications to the drivetrain. This motor also ensures a simpler handling experience, as its power is applied directly to the front wheel. However, they are not without their safety concerns.
With front hub motors, the additional weight at the e-bike’s front can slightly affect steering and balance, especially at higher speeds or around tight turns. This is a major reason we do not use front hub motors in our electric bikes at E-Movement.
Located within the rear wheel’s hub, these electric motors can provide better traction since the motor’s weight is directly over the driven wheel, increasing stability and control. They also transfer power directly to the e-bike’s rear wheel, which results in a more efficient power transfer and a natural riding feel.
Since rear hub motors tend to shift the weight balance towards the rear, it affects their maneuverability and handling characteristics. However, generally, they are much safer, more economical, and easy to handle than front hub motors. We use brushless rear hub motors in all our electric bikes.
Mid-drive motors are positioned between the pedals near the bike’s bottom bracket. Due to the balanced weight distribution between the front and rear wheels, you can enjoy improved handling of your electric bike.
If you want to climb hills seamlessly, opt for a mid-drive motor electric bike because it can leverage the bike’s gears for increased torque and power. Still, they can be more complex due and might require more maintenance.
One of the most vital specifications of an e-bike is its motor power ratings and torque; they determine the performance and capabilities of the motor.
When considering an e-bike motor, finding a balance between power ratings and torque to align with your riding preferences is essential. Higher power ratings and torque are equivalent to increased performance capabilities. However, you have to ensure that you meet legal requirements and consider factors such as battery capacity, range, and overall e-bike weight to optimize the riding experience.
Let’s discuss these two aspects in more detail:
Motor power ratings indicate the maximum power output of the electric bike’s motor and are typically measured in watts (W). They typically range from 250W to 1500W, depending on local regulations and the intended e-bike use.
Higher e-bike power ratings generally result in increased acceleration, faster speeds, and improved climbing capabilities. Additionally, they provide a greater boost to the rider’s pedaling efforts, allowing for easier and more efficient riding on hilly or challenging terrains.
However, your local regulations may restrict the maximum power rating allowed for e-bikes. As per UK’s law, electric bikes above 250W are classified as mopeds, requiring licenses to own and ride. In contrast, electric bikes below 250W are classified as road-legal.
Torque refers to the twisting force exerted by the e-bike motor, which determines the motor’s ability to accelerate and climb steep hills.
It is typically measured in Newton meters (Nm) and represents the force applied at a specific distance from the motor’s axis.
A higher torque rating indicates greater power for acceleration and climbing. It gives you strong and responsive acceleration, especially from a standstill or during low-speed maneuvers. And it allows electric bikes to tackle steep inclines easily, providing pedal assistance when manual pedaling effort alone is not sufficient.
Torque varies among electric bike motors, so if you frequently encounter hilly or challenging terrains, opting for motors with higher torque ratings is in your best interest.
An electric bike’s battery system is a critical component, responsible for range, power output, and overall usability. Your battery pack stores the electrical energy required to power its motor. Typically composed of lithium-ion or lithium-polymer, they offer a high energy density and longer lifespan.
Your e-bike’s battery capacity determines its overall range, with larger capacity batteries providing a longer distance per charge.
When you understand the different e-bike battery types, capacities, placement options, charging considerations, and safety features, you can make informed decisions when selecting one for yourself:
You’re likely to come across the following e-bike batteries:
Li-ion batteries are the most commonly used type in e-bikes. They offer a high energy density, lightweight construction, and a long lifespan. Li-ion batteries also balance power output, capacity, and weight, making them ideal for use in electric bikes.
Sharing similar characteristics with Li-ion batteries, Li-Po batteries have a more flexible form factor. This flexibility allows for greater design possibilities; e-bike manufacturers can integrate the battery into the frame or other parts of the bike more seamlessly.
An e-bike’s battery capacity is measured in watt-hours (Wh) and represents the total amount of energy the battery can store. Higher capacity batteries generally offer a longer riding range before requiring a recharge.
The e-bike battery capacity can range from around 300Wh to over 1,000Wh, depending on the specific e-bike model and intended use. In Amp-hours, you’ll typically find them ranging from 7Ah onwards.
Typically, you’ll find electric bike batteries in the following locations:
Many electric bikes have their batteries mounted within or on the frame, typically in a downtube or integrated design. The placement offers good weight distribution and stability while keeping the battery protected. It also allows for easier removal and replacement.
Like our Hunter e-bike, certain bikes have a battery integrated into the seat post itself. Not only does it offer a sleek and minimalistic appearance, but it also ensures a lower center of gravity.
Some e-bikes feature batteries mounted on a rear rack, such as commuter and cargo e-bikes. This design enables additional cargo-carrying capacity while keeping the battery accessible for charging and maintenance.
Mounting a battery on the rear rack is significantly advantageous in how it lets manufacturers install larger, more powerful batteries that would be too broad for internal integration. Rear rack mounting is how we gave our Hunter Extreme a whopping 27Ah of battery capacity – the largest in the UK!
Pictured: Hunter Extreme with a 20Ah Rear Rack Mounted Battery
You can charge your electric bike battery using a standard electrical outlet, with charging times varying according to the battery capacity and charger specifications. Typically, charging times range from a few hours to several hours.
An electric bike’s range refers to the distance it can travel on a single charge. And several factors influence it, including the battery capacity, motor power consumption, pedal assist, rider weight, terrain, and riding style. Remember that higher-capacity batteries generally offer a longer range.
If you’re wondering how long your e-bike can last on a single charge, let us give you an estimate. A 48V-14Ah battery on our 28 kg e-bike lasts 70 miles on flat roads for 75kg riders using pedal assist level That’s a combined bike and rider weight of roughly 100kgs.
E-bike battery systems often incorporate a Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS monitors and controls the battery’s performance, ensuring optimal charging and discharging while protecting against overcharging, over-discharging, and excessive temperatures. You can also get information on your electric bike’s battery status, voltage, and temperature.
Most e-batteries are designed to be easily removable, so that riders can take them inside for charging or storage. With removable batteries, you don’t have to worry about theft since you can carry them anywhere and store them safely.
Some are even equipped with locking mechanisms to enhance security, requiring riders to use a key for removing or unlocking them from the bike. This feature adds an extra layer of protection, particularly when you leave the e-bike unattended.
An electric bike’s controller acts as its brain by controlling the motor’s power output and managing its interaction with the battery pack. It allows the rider to select different assistance levels and provides information on your speed, distance, and battery level through the display.
There are usually several control systems in a pedelec that work together to provide a smooth and efficient riding experience. Let’s take a look at the key control systems found in most e-bikes:
The motor control system regulates the electric motor’s power and speed, integrating components like a motor controller, sensors, and a throttle or pedal-assist system.
As the motor control system’s central component, the motor controller receives input from various sensors and controls the flow of electrical current from the battery to the motor. And information on parts such as throttle input, pedal cadence, torque sensors, and speed sensors is processed to determine the desired motor output.
E-bikes incorporate multiple sensors to provide real-time data to the motor controller. These sensors include:
a. Speed Sensor: This type of sensor measures the rotational speed of the bike’s wheels. It provides information about the current speed, which is used by the motor controller to adjust the motor output accordingly.
b. Cadence Sensor: A cadence sensor detects the rider’s pedaling speed and then determines the rider’s pedaling rate, enabling the motor controller to provide assistance based on the selected pedal-assist mode.
c. Torque Sensor: Torque sensors calculate the force applied to the electric bike’s pedals. With this sensor, the motor controller can determine the motor’s required assistance level based on the rider’s effort.
One other essential part of the motor control system is the throttle or pedal-assist, allowing riders to control the motor level assistance.
a. Throttle: If your electric bike has a throttle, it’s likely you will have to use a hand-operated control for the motor output. By twisting or pressing the throttle, riders can increase or decrease the motor power without pedaling.
b. Pedal-Assist: E-bikes with a pedal-assist system provide motor assistance based on the rider’s pedaling input. Pedal-assist systems often offer multiple assist levels that can be selected using controls on the handlebars.
Some pedelecs feature regenerative braking, a mechanism where the motor acts as a generator when brakes are applied. The motor controller switches the motor’s operation from propulsion to generating electricity, and then feeds it back into the battery for recharging. As for the transition between motor assistance and regenerative braking? It is managed by the control system to ensure a seamless and efficient braking experience.
Factors such as the charging, discharging, temperature, and cell balancing of the battery pack are controlled and monitored by the BMS controls. The e-bike’s BMS also provides information about the battery’s charging and may have built-in safety features, like overcharge and over-discharge protection.
Electric bikes often have a display panel or control interface mounted on the handlebars. This interface allows the rider to view various information. For example, you can stay updated on your speed, distance, battery level, and power mode while adjusting settings, selecting power modes, and activating additional features like lights or horns.
The braking system of an e-bike may include hydraulic or mechanical disc brakes, regenerative braking, or a combination of both. When you apply the brakes with certain pedelecs, the control system engages regenerative braking to capture some of the energy and recharge the battery.
Your brake levers should be mounted on the handlebars so you can navigate the brake mechanisms easily. The control system also coordinates with the braking system to ensure smooth and responsive stopping power, while accounting for motor assistance and regenerative braking.
E-bikes typically integrate lighting systems for improved visibility and safety. These systems may include front and rear lights, turn signals, and brake lights. To ensure that these lights operate correctly, an electric bike’s control system controls them using manual or automatic activation depending on ambient light conditions or braking.
Advanced pedelecs have it all: they come with connectivity options and smart features. For example, you can opt for wireless connectivity for smartphone integration, GPS tracking, anti-theft systems, firmware updates, and app-controlled settings. Since communication between the e-bike and external devices is managed by the control system, riders enjoy enhanced functionality and customization options.
Electric bike handlebars serve as the primary control interface for the rider. They provide a means to steer the e-bike and typically have grips for comfortable and secure hand placement. The grips may have integrated controls, such as buttons or switches, for changing power modes or controlling lights.
You can utilize various gears to change the gear ratio if you want to adapt to different terrain and riding conditions while riding. The shifters, typically integrated into the handlebars, control the movement of the derailleurs, which move the chain between gears.
The two main operation modes of e-bikes are throttle and pedal assist. Throttle mode allows the rider to control the speed solely with a throttle, similar to a motorcycle. On the other hand, pedal assist mode provides assistance when the rider pedals, amplifying their pedaling power. The pedal assist system uses sensors to detect the rider’s pedaling cadence and force and adjusts the motor’s power output accordingly.
An electric bike’s wheels and tyres are crucial components that directly affect the performance, comfort, and safety of your ride.
The wheels are typically stronger and sturdier than those found on traditional bicycles to handle the additional weight and forces generated by the motor. Meanwhile, tyres vary depending on the e-bike’s purpose, ranging from slick tyres for city commuting to knobby ones for off-road adventures. It’s essential to select wheels and tyres that suit your riding style, terrain, and e-bike model. The right combination can enhance efficiency, comfort, and overall handling, ensuring an enjoyable riding experience.
Here’s everything you should know about an electric bike’s wheels and tyres:
There are various wheel sizes to choose from, commonly ranging from 20 to 29 inches in diameter. Your electric bike’s wheel size significantly affects comfort, stability, and maneuverability. Smaller wheels tend to offer quicker acceleration and agility, while larger wheels provide better stability and smoother rolling over rough terrain.
The rim is the outer circular component of the wheel onto which the tyre is mounted. It ensures structural support for the tire and helps maintain its shape. Most rims are made of aluminum alloy or, in some cases, carbon fiber to balance strength, weight, and durability.
Pictured: All-Purpose Tyres of Panther
A wheel’s central part is its hub, containing bearings that make it rotate smoothly. In e-bikes, the hub may be specifically designed to accommodate an electric motor. There are two primary types of electric bike hubs: rear and front.
Spokes are the thin, metallic rods that connect the rim to the central hub of the wheel. They provide stability and usually consist of stainless steel or other high-tensile materials to withstand the stresses of riding.
E-bikes use a variety of tyre types depending on their intended purpose and riding conditions. Common types include
a. Road/Street Tyres: These tyres are designed for smooth, paved surfaces and prioritize low rolling resistance and high speed.
b. Mountain Bike Tyres: Mountain bike tyres are designed for off-road riding on rugged terrain. They have aggressive tread patterns for enhanced grip, durability, and puncture resistance.
c. Hybrid Tyres: Hybrid tyres strike a balance between road and off-road capabilities. With a versatile tread pattern, they provide stellar control over both pavement and light off-road trails.
d. Fat Tyres: Also known as wide tyres, fat tires offer excellent traction and stability. They are more likely to be found in e-bikes designed for off-road adventures, snow, sand, or other challenging terrains.
Wider e-bike tires offer several benefits compared to narrower ones. We’ll now delve into some advantages of using them:
It’s important to note that while wider tires offer these benefits, there can be some trade-offs. Your e-bike’s overall efficiency and speed may be impacted because of their slightly higher rolling resistance and increased weight. For this reason, it’s crucial to consider the intended use, riding conditions, and personal preferences when choosing the appropriate tyre width for your e-bike.
Different tyre treads are designed to optimize traction and performance on various terrains in electric bikes). When selecting tyres for your e-bike, consider the type of terrain you ride on and your riding preferences. Opt for slick or semi-slick tyres for predominantly road or urban riding, knobby tyres for off-road trails, all-purpose tyres for mixed terrain, and fat tyres for specialized terrains like sand or snow. You should also match the tire size and width to your e-bike’s frame and fork clearance to ensure proper fit and performance.
Here’s an overview of common tyre treads found in e-bikes for different riding conditions:
Slick tyres have a smooth, treadless surface, making them ideal for riding on smooth and paved surfaces such as roads or bike paths. They offer faster speeds on flat terrain and are commonly used in electric bikes designed for urban commuting or road cycling.
These tyres feature a combination of a smooth center strip and small treads on the sides. This tread pattern provides a balance between low rolling resistance on paved surfaces and improved grip during cornering. Semi-slick tires are versatile and suitable for e-bike riders who often encounter both smooth and slightly off-road conditions.
Incorporating a pronounced tread pattern with larger knobs or lugs, knobby tyres are designed for off-road or trail riding. With knobby tyres, you’ll experience enhanced traction and control on loose surfaces, gravel, dirt, and mud. They excel in gripping uneven terrain and offer stability and durability for those seeking adventurous off-road experiences.
All-purpose or multi-purpose tyres integrate a versatile tread pattern that combines grip and rolling efficiency on a variety of surfaces. You’ll find a combination of small, closely spaced knobs in the center for reduced rolling resistance and larger knobs on the sides for cornering traction. These tyres are suitable if you want to ride on a mix of pavement, gravel, and light off-road trails.
Tube and tubeless tyres are both used in electric bikes, as well as in regular bicycles and motorcycles. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages, so let’s explore the differences between tube and tubeless tires for electric bikes:
Traditional tube tires consist of an outer tyre and an inner tube that holds the air. However, when this tube gets a puncture or small leak, the air escapes rapidly, causing the tire to go flat. This requires immediate repair or replacement of the tube.
Tube tyres need more frequent maintenance, as they are susceptible to pinch flats when riding over rough terrain or hitting obstacles like potholes. However, some riders find tube tyres to provide a more comfortable ride due to the flexibility of the inner tube absorbing shocks.
Tubeless tyres are a more modern design, with a reinforced airtight tire that holds air without the need for an inner tube. They are more resistant to punctures and small leaks, as the sealant inside the tyre automatically plugs most small holes, allowing you to continue riding without immediate attention.
Tubeless tyres generally require less maintenance since they are less prone to pinch flats and have fewer components that can fail (like the inner tube). They often provide better traction and a smoother ride since they can be run at lower pressures without the risk of pinch flats. This can improve grip and comfort on rough surfaces.
As for electric bikes, which can be heavier than regular bicycles, tubeless tires offer several advantages. The increased resistance to punctures and reduced maintenance can be particularly appealing, whereas the improved traction and comfort of tubeless tires can enhance the overall riding experience, especially at higher speeds and on uneven terrain.
However, it’s worth noting that tubeless tires may require more initial setup, as they need to be set up correctly with sealant to work effectively. If you encounter a severe puncture that cannot be sealed by the sealant, repairing a tubeless tire on the road may be more challenging compared to replacing an inner tube in a tube tire.
Ultimately, both tube and tubeless tires have their merits, and the choice depends on your specific preferences, riding style, and the terrain you plan to ride on. Many electric bike manufacturers provide options for both types, allowing you to choose the one that best suits your needs.
The recommended tire pressure varies depending on the tyre type and the rider’s weight. Proper tire inflation ensures optimal performance, grip, and comfort.
E-bike tyres often require higher pressures than regular bicycles due to the additional motor and battery weight.
To enhance rider comfort and improve handling, many electric bicycles incorporate suspension systems. Suspension forks in the front and/or rear suspension systems absorb shocks and vibrations, providing a smoother and more enjoyable ride on rough or uneven terrain.
Whether it’s front suspension for light off-road use or full suspension for demanding trails, the suspension system is a key consideration when choosing an e-bike that matches your riding style and desired level of comfort.
These systems play a crucial role in providing a comfortable and controlled riding experience, especially on rough and uneven terrains. Let’s delve into their details:
Front suspension forks are components consisting of a set of telescopic tubes that integrate a suspension system. The primary purpose of front suspension forks is to absorb impacts, vibrations, and unevenness of the terrain. Here are some key aspects:
Suspension travel refers to the distance the front fork can compress and extend. It determines the amount available to absorb bumps and impacts. E-bikes may have various suspension travel options, typically ranging from 80mm to 200mm, with longer travel suited for more challenging and aggressive off-road riding.
These forks can utilize different types of suspension systems, such as coil springs, air springs, or a combination of both. Coil springs provide a consistent and predictable response, while air springs offer adjustability to fine-tune the suspension according to rider preferences and terrain conditions.
Damping is the control of the fork’s compression and rebound motions. It uses oil or air pressure to regulate the fork’s movement speed, preventing excessive bouncing or bottoming out to make your ride smooth. The process ensures that the suspension responds appropriately to varying terrain, providing a balanced and controlled ride.
Pictured: Rear Suspension in Panther
Rear suspension systems, also known as rear shocks, are often found in full-suspension electric bikes. They work in conjunction with front suspension forks, so the ebike can better absorb impacts and maintain traction. You’ll commonly find coils and compressed air-based rear suspension systems in electric bikes. Keep reading as we explain their benefits:
Rear suspension allows the rear wheel to maintain better contact with the ground, improving traction and minimizing wheel slip. This is especially useful when riding on rough, technical, or uneven terrain, as it helps the e-bike maintain stability and control.
Since this type of suspension system absorbs impacts, bumps, and vibrations, you can have long, comfortable rides without getting fatigued. The suspension enables the rider to maintain better control over the bike, especially when encountering challenging obstacles or descents.
Both front suspension forks and rear suspension systems in e-bikes have adjustability and damping settings, so riders can determine suspension performance based on their preferences and preferred terrains.
The ability to adjust suspension settings and damping enable your e-bike to work optimally and adapt quickly to different areas, riding styles, and personal preferences. This flexibility contributes to a more comfortable, controlled, and enjoyable riding experience.
Adjustable aspects may include:
Preload adjustment allows the rider to set the suspension’s initial compression and match it with their weight and riding style. It ensures optimal sag and maintains proper suspension balance.
Compression damping controls the speed at which the suspension compresses in response to impacts. Whether you’re navigating through traffic or setting off on adventures on loose trails, you can tailor the suspension’s responsiveness and firmness with adjustable compression damping to achieve the best riding experience.
Rebound damping regulates the speed at which the suspension extends after compression. Adjustable rebound damping helps prevent excessive bouncing or a harsh rebound, maintaining stability and control over rough terrain.
You’ll commonly find e-bikes with the following setups:
Electric bikes without suspension systems are simple, lightweight, and efficient. Due to lower energy losses, pedalling them is easier, and as they do not have complex parts, they are relatively cheaper, and their maintenance is straightforward.
You can ride rigid electric bikes on smooth roads. However, you’ll definitely feel every bump on your way, tyring you out quicker.
If you own a rigid electric bike, suspension seat posts can help you make your ride more comfortable.
Also referred to as hardtail electric bikes, front suspension e-bikes feature a shock-absorbing front fork and a hard ‘tail’ (no rear sus).
Hardtail pedelecs integrate front suspension forks that absorb impacts at the front wheel, providing enhanced comfort, control, and traction. They are also lightweight, efficient, and offer good power transfer for pedaling.
The front suspension system helps to smooth out bumps, reduce vibrations, and improve traction on uneven surfaces. Since it absorbs any impact using the front wheel, you’ll experience better handling of your e-bike and feel more confident while riding.
Compared to full-suspension e-bikes, hardtail e-bikes offer more efficient power transfer from the rider’s pedaling efforts. The absence of rear suspension reduces energy losses caused by suspension compression, resulting in better pedaling efficiency.
Hardtail electric bikes tend to be lighter than full-suspension ones because they have fewer components. This lower weight can contribute to improved maneuverability and responsiveness.
Additionally, this type of suspension system is generally easier to maintain. With fewer moving parts, there are fewer components that require maintenance or potential adjustment.
Hardtail suspension is suitable for a variety of riding styles, including urban commuting, recreational riding, and light off-road trails. Bikes with a hardtail setup generally perform well on smoother surfaces and moderate off-road terrains with small bumps and obstacles.
Full suspension, or dual suspension, incorporates both front and rear suspension systems. In addition to the front suspension fork, these pedelecs have a rear suspension system, typically consisting of a shock absorber and linkage mechanism.
The combination of front suspension forks and rear shock absorbers absorbs impacts from both wheels, delivering a smooth and controlled ride. Additionally, the rear suspension system works in tandem with the front suspension for increased comfort, control, and traction of your electric bike. It absorbs impacts from both wheels simultaneously, reducing the transfer of shocks and vibrations to the rider’s body.
Full-suspension e-bikes are designed for more aggressive off-road riding and technical trails. They excel in demanding terrains with rough surfaces, large obstacles, and steep descents.
Pictured: A hardtail fat e-bike (Pixie) and a full-suspension fat e-bike (Panther)
Fat suspension in e-bikes is designed to enhance the off-road riding experience on soft, loose, or unpredictable terrains such as sand, snow, mud, or rough trails.
Fat bikes are characterized by their wide tyres, with a range of 3.8 to 5 inches in width, and this boasts several benefits for off-road riding. The larger contact patch created by the wide tires allows for enhanced grip and traction, especially on loose or slippery surfaces like sand and snow. Wide tires help spread the rider’s weight over a larger surface area, reducing the bike’s tendency to sink into soft terrain like sand or snow. This helps maintain forward momentum and prevents excessive energy loss.
The suspension is achieved, in part, by running lower tyre pressures than other e-bikes. This allows the tires to conform to uneven surfaces, providing additional cushioning and absorbing shocks and impacts from rough terrain. Lower tyre pressure enhances comfort and traction while smoothing out the ride. And since the large air volume in fat bike tyres produces a cushioning effect, your e-bike can absorb vibrations and impacts from rough terrain. You’re bound to a smoother and more comfortable ride wherever you go.
Fat bike rims are specifically designed to accommodate wide tyres. The wider rims provide stability and support for the tyre profile, ensuring proper fitting and optimal performance.
Some e-bikes incorporate suspension forks specifically for fat bikes. These forks have wider spacing to accommodate the wide tyres and provide suspension travel to further enhance ride control. And full suspension fat bikes, like our stellar Panther, combine the benefits of fat tires with a full suspension system.
Here’s a handy table:
An electric bike’s drivetrain components play a crucial role in transmitting power from the motor to the wheels, propelling it forward. Let’s delve into the details and elaborate on the key drivetrain components that contribute to the smooth and efficient operation of an e-bike:
The crankset is the component located at the front of the drivetrain. It consists of one or multiple chainrings attached to the crank arms. When the rider pedals, the crank arms rotate, initiating the power transfer process.
Connecting the chainrings of the crankset to the rear cassette or freewheel is possible because of a chain. The chain transfers power from the front to the rear wheel and is specifically designed to withstand the increased torque generated by the electric motor.
Pictured: Shimano Derailleur of Hunter Extreme
Derailleurs are devices used to shift the chain between different gears. They are responsible for moving the chain from one chainring to another at the front and from one sprocket to another at the rear. E-bikes generally use either front or rear derailleurs, or sometimes both, depending on the drivetrain setup.
You’ve probably noticed controls mounted on the handlebars of an electric bike that allow you to change gears. These controls are gear shifters. When you operate the gear shifters, they control the movement of the derailleurs, enabling the chain to shift to different chainrings and sprockets. You can choose between twist shifters, trigger shifters, or electronic shifters to determine which ones provide seamless gear changes for your electric bike.
The rear cassette or freewheel is a set of individual sprockets attached to the rear wheel hub using a lockring. It provides a range of gear ratios that you can select based on the terrain and your desired pedaling effort.
Pictured: Rear Hub of Hunter Extreme
In some electric bikes, the drivetrain components are integrated with the motor in the rear hub. These hub motors eliminate the need for a traditional chain and derailleur setup, as the motor itself drives the rear wheel directly. With this design, the drivetrain system is simplified and maintenance requirements are reduced.
While chains are the most common choice for e-bike drivetrains, certain models utilize a belt-drive system. Belt drives have several benefits like reduced maintenance, quieter operation, and longer lifespan compared to traditional chains. They use a durable and flexible belt made of carbon fiber or polyurethane to transmit power.
Rather than incorporating a rear cassette or freewheel, some pedelecs employ an internal gear hub (IGH) as part of their drivetrain. Located within the rear hub, IGHs contain multiple internal gears. If you’re looking for a clean and low-maintenance solution to riding, this hub type has all the gears sealed inside and protected from dust, dirt, and unfavorable weather conditions.
Although the torque sensor is not a physical component, it is still an integral part of the drivetrain system in several bicycles. By measuring the rider’s pedaling force and providing feedback to the motor, a torque sensor can deliver proportional assistance. They enhance your riding experience with a more natural and intuitive feel.
A chainring is a disc-shaped piece attached to the crankset at the front of the e-bike’s drivetrain, consisting of teeth around its circumference to engage with the chain. E-bikes can have one or multiple chainrings, commonly referred to as single, double, or triple chainrings.
The cassette is a set of individual sprockets placed on the rear wheel hub. Each sprocket is progressively larger or smaller, allowing the rider to choose different gear ratios for varying riding conditions.
Most cassettes typically consist of 8 to 12 sprockets, each with a different number of teeth. Smaller sprockets ensure easier pedaling with less resistance and limited speed, while larger ones offer higher speed and require more pedaling effort. The specific combination of sprocket sizes determines the gear ratios available on the e-bike.
Gear ratios refer to the relationship between the number of teeth on the chainring and the sprockets. E-bikes with a wider range of gear ratios are more versatile and easier to pedal at different speeds or inclines. Additionally, they help maintain a consistent cadence.
Controlling the chain’s movement across the sprockets of the cassette falls on the rear derailleur and gear shifter. When the rider operates the gear shifter, the rear derailleur moves the chain to different sprockets. This mechanism ensures smooth and precise gear changes if you want to adapt to a terrain or change pedal-assistance levels.
Safety is paramount when riding any bicycle, and e-bikes are no exception. Pedelecs are equipped with various types of brakes, including mechanical disc brakes, hydraulic disc brakes, or rim brakes. The right braking systems guarantee reliable stopping power for the rider’s safety and control over the electric bike, even at high speeds or on steep descents.
It’s essential for you to familiarize yourself with the braking system on your specific e-bike model. Understanding brake types, their operation, and maintenance requirements will keep you safe and keep the braking performance in check. You’ll have better control over your bicycle and feel more confident riding it.
You’ll commonly find the following brakes in electric bikes:
The most common type of braking system used in e-bikes is disc brakes. They consist of a metal rotor attached to the wheel hub and a caliper that houses brake pads. If you squeeze the brake lever, hydraulic or mechanical force is applied to the brake pads. This force causes disc brakes to press against the rotor and generate friction to slow down the bike.
Hydraulic disc brakes utilize hydraulic fluid to transmit force from the brake lever to the caliper. These brakes provide consistent performance even in wet and muddy conditions with precise modulation and minimal required effort from riders.
This type of braking system employs a cable that transfers the force from the brake lever to the caliper. While they are generally less expensive than hydraulic disc brakes and have good stopping power, mechanical disc brakes may require more maintenance and adjustment.
Also known as V-brakes or caliper brakes, rim brakes are an alternative braking system found in some e-bikes. You can slow down or stop the e-bike by using brake pads that press against the sides of the wheel rim.
V-brakes are a common rim brake type that uses a pair of arms to squeeze the brake pads against the rim. Not only are they lightweight and easy to maintain, but they also provide excellent stopping power. However, V-brakes don’t offer the same performance levels in wet or muddy conditions as disc brakes.
With a single-pivot design and a central mechanism to bring the brake pads into contact with the rim, caliper brakes are typically found on road and urban e-bikes. They have reliable stopping power, especially when paired with high-quality brake pads.
Some e-bikes feature regenerative braking systems, which harness the kinetic energy generated during braking and convert it into electrical energy to recharge the battery. Regenerative braking can help extend the overall electric bike range by recovering energy that would otherwise be lost during braking.
Pedelecs often have a brake lever design that accommodates the motor’s electrical components. These brake levers may boast integrated sensors or switches that cut off power to the motor when the brakes are applied for immediate motor disengagement and enhanced safety.
An e-bike’s braking system performance depends on several factors, such as the type of brakes, brake pad material, rotor size, and proper adjustment.
To ensure optimal brake performance, you should regularly get your bicycle serviced and check whether your brakes are in the best working condition. This includes monitoring brake pad wear, adjusting brake calipers, and periodically checking and replacing brake cables or hydraulic brake fluid.
Dual braking systems combine both front and rear brakes to provide balanced and effective stopping power. They enhance control and stability and are extremely helpful during emergency stops or when riding at high speeds.
Since brake pads create friction against the braking surface, they play a critical role in stopping the e-bike.
When you push against the brake lever, the brake pads make contact with the rim or disc rotor to generate friction. The friction converts the kinetic energy of the moving e-bike into heat energy, gradually slowing down and ultimately stopping the bike. These pads ensure efficient and reliable braking performance, providing control and safety during rides.T
Electric bikes commonly use two types of brake pads:
i. Rim Brake Pads: Rim brake pads are used in e-bikes equipped with rim brakes, which consist of brake calipers that squeeze against the rim’s braking surface. You’ll be able to enjoy excellent grip and stopping power due to their rubber compounds and parts.
ii. Disc Brake Pads: Electric bikes with disc brakes employ disc brake pads of two main kinds: organic and metallic. Organic pads are made from rubber and enable smooth, quiet braking with good initial bite. On the other hand, metallic pads contain metal fibers and provide greater durability and heat dissipation, making them suitable for more demanding riding conditions.
Regular maintenance and proper care of brake pads is essential if you want consistent and reliable braking performance on an electric bike. By inspecting, cleaning, and replacing brake pads when required, people can enjoy safe and effective braking during their commutes and adventures.
a. Regular Inspection: Check your brake pads frequently to check whether they are in good condition. Look for signs of wear, like thinning pad material or grooves in the pad surface. Replace brake pads that are excessively worn or damaged.
b. Cleaning: Clean the brake pads and braking surface periodically to remove dirt, debris, and brake dust. You should use a soft brush or cloth with isopropyl alcohol or a specialized brake cleaner. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials that could damage the pads or braking surface.
c. Adjustments: Your brake pads should make contact with the braking surface. If necessary, adjust the brake calipers to align the pads correctly. Improper alignment can lead to uneven pad wear, reduced braking performance, and noise.
d. Pad Replacement: If you think your e-bike’s brake pads are worn beyond the manufacturer’s recommended thickness or have become damaged, consider replacing them. Follow the specific instructions provided by the manufacturer for your e-bike model and brake system. We recommend consulting a professional bike mechanic to perform the replacement for you.
e. Bedding-In: When installing new brake pads, read through the bedding-in procedure provided by the manufacturer. This involves gradually applying and releasing the brakes to transfer a layer of brake pad material onto the braking surface for optimal braking performance.
Pictured: Rear Lights of Hunter Extreme
Lighting and visibility systems in electric bikes will save your life during low-light conditions or at night when it’s hard to see.
Pedelec lighting systems can be powered by the electric bike’s main battery pack or separate batteries dedicated to lighting. The power source is dependent on your e-bike model and design. Integrated lighting systems that draw power from the e-bike’s battery are convenient and work for an extended period. In contrast, separate batteries can provide flexibility and allow lighting to function independently.
E-bikes are typically equipped with a front light that illuminates the path ahead, helping riders see obstacles, road conditions, and other potential hazards. It is either mounted on the handlebars or integrated into the e-bike’s frame. Front lights can vary in brightness, with some models incorporating adjustable settings to suit different riding conditions.
A rear light supplies visibility from the rear. With rear lights, you can alert other road users about your presence and the position of the bike and avoid accidents. These lights can be found on the seat post, seat stay, or rear rack. Additionally, they feature different lighting modes, like steady, flashing, or pulsating, to maximize visibility and conserve battery life.
You can also find e-bike models whose lights turn on every time you step on the brakes. Brake lights improve visibility and inform vehicles behind you that you’re slowing down or stopping. This lighting mechanism can be activated by a wired connection to the bicycle’s braking system or through sensors that detect deceleration.
Newer electric bike designs may include turn signals to indicate changes in direction on the frame or handlebars. Riders can activate them using controls on the handlebars. Turn signals are particularly useful for communicating intentions to other road users. For example, when you’re making a turn or changing a lane.
Reflectors are an integral part of pedelec visibility systems. They are often found on the front, rear, sides, and pedals of the bike and bounce back light from other vehicles, streetlights, or headlights. Reflectors are passive safety features, working even when the e-bike’s lights are not actively illuminated.
Some e-bikes are equipped with daytime running lights to improve visibility during the day. DRLs are designed to be highly visible, enhance your presence on the road, and reduce the risk of collisions. They typically emit a steady or pulsating light pattern that is easily noticeable by other road users.
Maintaining the lighting and visibility systems in e-bikes is important for optimal performance and safety. Regularly check the lights for functionality, clean the lenses to ensure clear visibility, and replace any faulty bulbs or damaged components. Proper functioning lighting systems greatly enhance rider safety and visibility on the road, improving your overall riding experiences.
Remember to refer to the specific maintenance instructions provided by the manufacturer for your e-bike’s lighting and visibility systems. By regularly inspecting, cleaning, and maintaining these components, you can ensure that your electric bike remains visible and safe during your rides.
Here are some maintenance tips for e-bike lighting and visibility systems:
Routinely inspect your e-bike lights, reflectors, and other visibility components so you can determine if they are clean, undamaged, and functioning properly. Look for any signs of wear, loose connections, or cracked lenses.
Keep the lights and reflectors clean to maintain their effectiveness. Use a soft cloth or a mild cleaning solution to wipe away dirt, dust, and grime. You should also avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials that could damage the surfaces or affect the lighting performance.
If your e-bike lighting system is battery-powered, regularly check the battery level and replace or recharge as needed. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for battery maintenance and storage.
In the case that your lights use replaceable bulbs, monitor their lifespan and replace them when they start to dim or fail. Ensure that you use bulbs of the correct voltage and wattage as recommended by the manufacturer.
Inspect your lighting system’s wiring and connections and check whether they are securely connected. Loose or damaged wiring can cause lights to malfunction or stop working altogether.
It’s in your best interest to adjust the position and alignment of your lights for optimal visibility that doesn’t cause glare or distraction to other road users. Properly aligned lights provide the best illumination for your path while maximizing safety for yourself and others.
Check the condition of reflectors regularly, making sure they are clean, undamaged, and properly positioned on your e-bike. Reflectors should be visible and reflective from various angles to enhance visibility to other road users.
If you frequently ride in wet conditions, your lights and visibility components must be adequately waterproofed. This can include using silicone sealant, or protective bike covers to prevent water ingress and damage.
If you’ve bought e-bikes of good quality, you don’t need to do anything. For instance, our electric bikes are rated IP65 water and dust-proof.
Any damaged, worn out, or poorly functioning lighting components should be replaced promptly to maintain safety and visibility. Additionally, you can choose to upgrade your lighting system to higher-quality or more advanced options.
Pictured: Raven with labeled parts
Just like with regular bicycles, you can personalize your rides with various accessories. From fenders and racks to smartphone holders and Bluetooth speakers, accessories allow riders to tailor their pedelecs according to their specific needs and preferences. Depending on your riding style, needs, and preferences, you can personalize your electric bike with these to improve comfort, safety, and functionality.
Let’s take a look at some popular accessories and add-ons used with e-bikes:
Perhaps you require additional storage space for carrying gear, groceries, or commuting essentials. In that case, bike racks and panniers are the way to go. Rear racks can be positioned on the back, while front racks are installed on the front fork. And panniers are bags that attach to the racks, offering waterproof storage options.
Fenders help keep you and your bike clean; gone are the days when you struggled to prevent mud, water, and debris from splashing onto you and the bike’s components. They are quite useful in wet or rainy conditions when attached to the front and rear wheels.
The only way to avoid theft and secure your electric bicycle when parked is by purchasing bike locks. Durable locks, such as U-locks, combination bike locks, or heavy-duty chains, provide effective security, and some e-bikes even come with built-in locking mechanisms.
This accessory equips riders with information on their speed, distance, time, and even GPS navigation. They can help you track your performance, monitor battery usage, and plan routes. Some bike computers are designed specifically for e-bikes, offering additional features like motor control and battery management.
Phone mounts securely hold smartphones on the handlebars, allowing riders to use navigation apps, monitor ride data, or access music while keeping their hands free and eyes on the road.
If you want smoother rides, but your electric bike only has a front suspension, you can get a special suspension seat post.
Suspension seat posts are great for absorbing shocks and vibrations on rough terrain, helping reduce fatigue and enhancing the overall riding experience.
With a suspension seat post or a saddle, long rides are bound to be a breeze. High-end electric bikes, like our Raven, come with integrated suspension seat posts.
An audible signaling device is crucial for alerting pedestrians or other riders of your presence at times. And what better way to prevent accidents and promote safety than with bells or horns?
Kickstands provide stability and convenience when you park your e-bicycle, allowing you to park the bike upright without leaning it against a wall or finding other support.
As we’ve explored the various components that make up an electric bike, it’s evident how each part contributes to the overall functionality, performance, and riding experience. From the motor and battery to the control systems, brakes, tires, and accessories, every component plays a crucial role in shaping the e-bike’s capabilities.
At e-movement, we are committed to delivering top-quality e-bikes that incorporate the finest components and ensure reliability, durability, and exceptional performance. Whether you’re seeking an e-bike for commuting, off-road adventures, or leisurely rides, we have a range of models designed to cater to your specific needs.
Join us and experience the joy of electric biking. Explore our collection of e-bikes today and discover the freedom, efficiency, and eco-friendly benefits they offer. Together, let’s embrace sustainable transportation and embrace the future of mobility.
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